The first Door
Introduction to networking and e-commerce
Its types and fields
It has two chapters:
chapter one
Introduction to the electron and electronic networks and their types
Chapter II
Introduction to e-commerce, its types and fields
chapter one
Introduction to the electron and electronic networks and their types
It contains two topics:
The first topic
Electron Definition
The second topic
Types of electronic networks
The first topic
Electron Definition
It has two requirements:
The first requirement
Define electron language
The second requirement
Defining the electron idiomatically is the first requirement
Define electron language
There are many such words, and terms that we do not find meaning in the dictionaries and dictionaries of the ancient Arabic language. The scientific and technical development that the world has witnessed in this era in various aspects of life has created words that our ancestors did not know before, and that the Arabic linguists did not include in their dictionaries.
The word Electron is an imported foreign word (Electron) and it is not possible to know its source, the origin from which it was derived, or to apply the rules of the Arabic language to it; Therefore, we will not deduce the meaning of this word from the old linguistic dictionaries, because there is no point behind that, and we will suffice with the definitions of contemporary linguistic dictionaries.
It came in the intermediate dictionary (): (electron) “a minute with a negative electric charge, its charge is the integral part of the electric.”
And it says in the Dictionary of Al-Sihah in Language () and Science: (electron) “a minute with a negative electric charge.”
And it says in Al-Munajjid in Al-Lughah wa Al-Alam (): (electron) is a very delicate element that has no serious material offense and has a negative electric charge.
The electron cannot be seen with the naked eye, and is not physically perceptible, and it is the main component of electricity and electronics.
The Arabic Language Academy has approved this word (electron), although some () see the Arabization of the name to (Kuhaireb).
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The second requirement
Define electron idiomatically
The idiomatic meaning does not differ much from the linguistic meaning, as contemporary dictionaries have quoted this definition from specialized scientific encyclopedias ().
The (electron) can be defined idiomatically as: “a very small particle that cannot be seen at all, whether with the naked eye or using devices, and it carries negative electricity, and it is the main component of electricity” ().
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The second topic
Types of electronic networks
It contains four requirements:
The first requirement
local networks
The second requirement
city networks
The third requirement
wide area networks
Fourth requirement
Definition of the World Wide Web (Internet)
The date of its establishment and the services provided to it
The first requirement
local networks
What is meant by a local network is: linking computers close to each other geographically, in the same office, or on the same floor within a building, or in a small office complex ().
The scope of local networks does not extend beyond a single building, college, company, or institution.
A local network can cover more than a hundred computers in an area not exceeding hundreds of feet.
Networks appeared in the seventies of the last century, but their importance emerged during the eighties and nineties of the last century ().
This network is used in government institutions, schools, universities, and private business companies(), and through it the director or dean can address the employees, heads of departments, and communicate with them.
The most important features of this network: that it provides an effective service in transferring data, files, and reports between employees to each other in the same college, or in the same office.
It is also possible to save the expenses of printers and photocopiers, as they can be linked to one printer ().
The second requirement
city networks
What is meant by city networks are: networks that are suitable for linking a small or large city, or a university, or far-reaching companies ().
The scope of city networks goes beyond local networks to include universities and large companies, and cities in an area of more than tens of kilometers.
These networks are used in universities to link different faculties in order to exchange files, messages, and transfer information between them.
City networks can interconnect several LANs to each other, each college or department may have its own LAN; They are linked together over a single network that is wider than the local one.
One of the advantages of city networks is that they are fast and efficient in transmitting data and information, and now most authorities and institutions use them to reduce their annual expenses ().
```The third requirement
wide area networks
What is meant by wide area networks are: networks that are suitable for linking computers among themselves in large areas of the earth; It connects universities, cities, and countries together, and is the perfect solution for connecting computers in distant cities ().
The scope of wide-area networks extends beyond city networks to include the State, or the entire region in an area of more than thousands of kilometres.
These networks are used to connect computers that are far apart in a single country, between universities, large corporations, and cities.
These networks are the ideal solution to link the branches of major companies and institutions together.
For example, if a company in Riyadh has branches in Dammam, Jeddah, Tabuk, and Jizan, then the best way to connect these branches is to install large area networks, through which employees can be contacted, prices are monitored, and the quality of services provided.
Among the most important features of these networks are the linking of thousands of devices to each other, the transfer of huge amounts of information, and the ability to deal on an international level.
Fourth requirement
Definition of the World Wide Web (Internet)
The date of its establishment and the services provided to it
It contains three issues:
The first issue
Definition of the World Wide Web (Internet)
The second issue
Date of its inception
The third issue
The services provided
The first issue
Definition of the World Wide Web (Internet)
The term Internet is a compound of two English words: Inter, which means international, and Net, which means network.
The word (Internet) technically means: the global network, or the interconnection of networks (), because the word (Inter) comes with the meaning of interaction, or interdependence as well.
Technically, it is a comprehensive computer network consisting of thousands of subnets and millions of interconnected computers in many parts of the world. It is a network of networks, a global spread().
A distinction must be made between: (Internet), (Intranet), and (Extranet).
The Internet - as previously - is a network of networks, and the intranet is: a network that depends on Internet technologies in terms of communication and sharing between clients with each other, but instead of information being available to the whole world, it is confined to an organization (the intranet). It is confined to a specific institution or company.
For example, if a company has several branches, it can contact its employees through this network.
As for the extranet, it also depends on Internet technologies in terms of communication and sharing, which is broader than the intranet. In addition to the company’s employees, there are other employees who are allowed to enter the network, such as sellers and distributors ().
The second issue
date of creation
The Internet is considered one of the largest and largest scientific innovations designed by man since God Almighty created it, and this construction took four decades to reach what it has reached today as a means of communication between religions, civilizations, peoples, cultures and customs, and it has become a new source of science and knowledge.
From what I have seen, and what was written by some researchers and specialists in the field of the Internet, the history of the Internet can be traced from its inception to today in five stages, namely:
The first stage: starts from the early sixties until the mid sixties of the last century (1960 AD - 1965 AD) AD.
This stage represents the first appearance of the Internet, after the Soviets sent a satellite into space in 1957 AD, the US President at that time rushed to invite senior technical and computer scientists to respond to the Soviet threat, and protect the United States of America from the dangers of an expected nuclear explosion.
Upon this call, an organization called the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed under the Department of Defense. The mission of this organization was to establish a communications network between computers that are far apart, so that if one of them was subjected to a military attack, the other computers would remain in contact with information and research centers ().
The second phase: starts from the mid-sixties until the late sixties of the last century AD (1965 AD - 1969 AD).
This stage represents a kind of expansion in the formation of interconnected networks far from military uses.
ARPANET began building a test network of computers, noting the impact of computers on the education and private business sectors.
With the support of the US Department of Defense, ARPANET connected four computers in some states to the ARPANET by telephone, and the ARPANET was primitive and did not resemble the Internet known to us today ().
The third stage: from the beginning of the seventies until the beginning of the eighties (1970 - 1982).
At this stage, the number of computers connected to each other increased to more than thirty devices distributed over several states, and researchers were able to communicate with each other via computers by connecting to ARPANET().
At this stage, a common language was developed for computers connected to the network to be used to talk to each other.
In 1975 the American Communications Commission imposed its control over the network, and after that, ARPANET grew remarkably.
The fourth stage: starting from the year (1983 AD - 1990 AD).
Throughout the previous stages, the ARPANET network was affiliated with the military, and individuals were not allowed to enter the network.
In 1983, the military removed its hand from ARPANET, allowing institutions, large corporations, and universities to connect to the only network at the time (ARPANET).
This in turn led to an increase in the number of users of the ARPANET by several thousand, there were no restrictions on membership, anyone with a telephone line, and a computer, could connect to the network.
After this success of the only network at that time (ARPANET), the National Science Foundation in America (NSF NET) created a network similar to ARPANET, helped by the rapid development of computers, which were characterized by high speed and storage capacity.
Its goal was to connect American universities with each other more quickly than ARPANET.
A large number of US institutions and agencies have linked ARPANET to become the backbone of what is now the Internet.
In 1989, the US government ended its support for ARPANET completely and the network disappeared and no longer exists ().
The fifth stage: from the beginning of the nineties until the present time: (1990 AD - 2002 AD).
After the end of the ARPANET, the National Science Foundation of America took over the management of the Internet, and it imposed some severe restrictions on Internet uses.
In 1990, the number of Internet users reached more than three hundred thousand (300,000) subscribers.
In 1991, the National Science Foundation in America abandoned its management of the network due to the financial burdens necessary to manage and supervise it.
This has opened the way for commercial companies to enter the Internet, which had the greatest impact on the popularity and growth of the network and its use in many different areas of life ().
The third issue
Services provided on the information network (Internet)
The Internet is a double-edged sword, such as television, radio, and other modern means that can be used in a beneficial and permissible way in calling to God Almighty, exchanging messages, files, distance education, scientific and information research, buying and selling operations, and other services that are increasing in quantity. Day after day.
Weak souls can use it in a harmful and forbidden use, such as watching sexual and pornographic pictures and films, transgressing sanctities, spying on people, quarreling between the sexes, defaming others, buying forbidden things, and other prohibited uses.
And the useful services () on the Internet are many, we mention the most important of them, by way of example, but not limited to, and they are:
E-mail: This service is one of the most important means available on the Internet, and it is the most famous and widespread because it is fast, cheap and often available for free, and tens of millions of people use it.
One of its advantages is that the e-mail can be sent in a few seconds to any place in the world, and it can be received on any computer in the world, as it is not restricted by time or place.
Large files (more than 200 sheets) can be attached to the letter without costing the owner any money.
The message can contain pictures, graphics, audio, or television recordings.
Also, the same message and file can be sent simultaneously to more than one destination.
It is distinguished by the presence of a password for each user, so that the e-mail can only be opened by the person himself, or by someone who knows the password.
It does not require the presence of the person receiving the e-mail on the computer at the moment of sending the message, but it can be received at any time and any place.
The possibility of online shopping: at any time, without being restricted to the opening or closing times of shops, or official holidays. All kinds of goods and services can be bought and sold and paid for electronically.
Access to information available in libraries, scientific research centers and government websites around the world with ease and ease.
Participation in scientific dialogues and discussions with scientists and specialists in various types of science and knowledge.
Free services such as: reading newspapers, magazines and periodicals, scientific books, referendum on Sharia ruling, paying phone bills, electricity and water, registration in universities, distance education, electronic banking and many other free services over the Internet.
Although some of them are not free, and are included in the reduced financial fees.
Chapter II
Introduction to e-commerce, its types and fields
It contains four topics:
The first topic
Definition of e-commerce and the history of its inception
The second topic
E-commerce features
The third topic
Elements of e-commerce
The fourth topic
areas of e-commerce
The first topic
Definition of e-commerce and the history of its inception
It contains four requirements:
The first requirement
e-commerce definition
The second requirement
The history and origin of e-commerce
The third requirement
E-commerce volume
Fourth requirement
Types of e-commerce
The first requirement
e-commerce definition
Despite the importance of electronic commerce and the increase in its volume, which exceeded (300) billion dollars annually (), agreeing on a single definition of electronic commerce seems very difficult.
The difference in norms and regulations among the countries of the world is a major reason for the difference in views on the definition of e-commerce.
There are many definitions of e-commerce among jurists, international organizations and Arab and Western laws, according to the vision of each direction and the interest of each country.
Although there are discrepancies in definitions, this does not preclude the existence of many similarities between them.
In view of their abundance, we will limit ourselves to listing the most important definitions of e-commerce that currently exist, and discussing what is worth discussing in order to arrive at a selected definition of e-commerce.
These definitions can be summarized in four directions:
The first trend: definitions of international bodies and organizations.
The second trend: legal definitions of electronic commerce.
The third trend: definitions of Arab laws for electronic commerce.
Fourth trend: definitions of Western laws of electronic commerce.
The first trend: the definition of international bodies and organizations for electronic commerce:
A - Definition of electronic commerce in the United Nations draft law on electronic commerce:
The United Nations formed a committee to prepare a unified law on electronic commerce in December 1996 (the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce).
The aim of forming the committee was to develop a model law that “facilitates the use of electronic commerce, and is acceptable to countries with different legal, social and economic systems that can contribute in an important way to the development of harmonious economic relations”().
The Committee did not come up with a specific definition of electronic commerce, and contented itself with defining electronic data exchange as: “The electronic transfer of information from one computer to another using an agreed upon standard for the formation of information”().
In the explanatory note to the law, the committee indicated that this definition includes all uses of electronic information such as telex and fax ().
In the Committee's view, the Internet is not the only means for completing electronic commerce operations, but it is shared by other means such as fax and telex.
It is noted in this definition that it did not require any kind of commitment between the two parties, and did not clarify what is meant by the information! Is it commercial or free information? Does it include or not include goods and services?
In the opinion of some researchers (): This definition did not establish a definition of electronic commerce, yet it defines the means used in concluding electronic commerce contracts. It is also noted that the project has expanded the means by which electronic commerce is conducted, including fax and telex.
The Commission has recognized that this Model Law does not define the meaning of electronic commerce ().
B - The World Trade Organization's definition of electronic commerce:
The World Trade Organization is the organization concerned with international laws concerned with international trade. It has shown a remarkable interest in electronic commerce. Therefore, the ministers agreed at the second meeting in Geneva in 1998 of the World Trade Organization to study the subject of electronic commerce ().
The organization defines e-commerce as: “an integrated set of transactions, establishing commercial links, distributing, marketing and selling products by electronic means” ().
The World Trade Organization sees electronic commerce as a type of traditional commerce, not much different from it in terms of exchanging goods and products and making deals.
Some researchers () agree with this view, and see that the specificity of electronic commerce is the means of conducting it, and in particular the method of its implementation.
What is taken from the definition is the failure to indicate that some products are contracted electronically and delivered in a traditional way, while others are contracted electronically and delivered electronically.
The second trend: the definition of e-commerce lawyers:
Some jurists tried to formulate a specific definition of e-commerce based on the diversity of technology used in e-commerce today. Some of them have admitted that it is not easy ( ) to establish a specific definition of electronic commerce, because it is difficult to limit electronic data transfers to commercial aspects alone.
In this research, we confine ourselves to listing the most important legal definitions.
1 - Some jurists defined electronic commerce as: “The process of using the information technology business, through its connection to a telecommunications network, in order to act and deal within the framework of the environment in which it operates.
That is, it is: the use of electronic means in the commercial activities of the enterprise.
This definition expanded the definition of e-commerce to include activities that have a commercial character, such as the relationship between importers and consumers, commercial partners, branches of companies, and banks, as well as activities that do not have a commercial character, such as relations between management, companies, individuals and management.
This definition can be considered that it shows the concept of electronic commerce and does not specify the definition of electronic commerce.
2 - Some of them defined electronic commerce as: “It is: the process of promoting and exchanging goods and services and completing their transactions using remote means of communication and modern information technology, especially the international information network (the Internet) without the need for the parties to move and meet in a specific place, whether it is possible to implement the mutual obligations electronically. Or does it have to be implemented in a tangible way?
The holder of this definition does not require the implementation of obligations in a tangible form, but rather it is possible to exchange electronically, such as selling a
